Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that involves great fear of adding weight even if very thin and below the required weight for height and age. Persons with anorexia tend to be very thin though they do not think they have a problem. According to them, they’re okay.
The condition is mostly psychological rather than physical, and as such eating problems are not usually the cause of the condition but rather the tendency to control food in coping with emotional difficulties.
These individuals engage in unhealthy dietary practices that involve extreme dieting and too much exercising to ensure that they do not gain weight or to lose more weight because they do not feel as though they have achieved the thinness they are aiming for.
Anorexia is mainly common among teenage girls; although teenage boys, and adults (both men and women) can also be anorexic. Since it is an eating disorder, the condition is more so not about food, body weight or shape but rather the attempt to control food in managing emotional issues.
Criteria to diagnose Anorexia Nervosa
To diagnose anorexia, the following factors are usually considered:
- Low weight-a weight that is below the recommended for a particular height and age.
- Intense fear of increasing weight.
- Missed at least 3 consecutive periods.
- An obsession with body shape and weight.
- Poor self-image.
- Denial of the seriousness of weight loss.
Causes
Psychological-Anorexia nervosa is linked to the fear of adding weight, which could be due to poor self-image or low self-esteem, mental illnesses i.e., depression, personality disorders such as the need for perfectionism or obsessive-compulsive disorders. The inability to manage emotions such as anger and anxiety can also be a trigger. Due to these psychological issues, one may use food to manage emotional issues.
Biological-A malfunctioned serotonin system is associated with the likelihood of anorexia. Serotonin is a hormone that controls mood. The imbalance in serotonin levels can trigger anorexia due to fluctuations in mood.
Genetics-An individual is at more risk of getting anorexia if someone else in the family also had it.
Social-The advocacy for thinness in society especially through media channels can influence the eating disorder especially if the individual seeks acceptance of societal standards.
Risk factors
- Psychological factors– Individuals with psychological issues such as depression and anxiety may be predisposed to controlling food to manage their emotions.
- Gastrointestinal complications or eating problems during childhood-This may extend even into adulthood whereby such an individual may limit their food intake excessively perhaps in fear of triggering those gastrointestinal complications i.e. stomach pain or discomfort, nausea etc.
- Low self-esteem
- The acceptance of societal standards towards thinness-An individual who admires or desires the set standards of thinness may find it appealing to emulate those standards. They may push themselves to achieve those standards termed “ideal” by implementing unhealthy eating habits such as severely restricting their food intake.
- Personality disorders-A person who constantly seeks perfectionism may be at risk of developing this eating disorder as they also want to attain the “ideal” weight and body shape (which in most cases is very thin).
- An obsession with weight and shape-Persons obsessed with body shape and weight are at high risk of anorexia especially if they also have some of the mentioned risk factors, because they are also likely to pursue that “ideal” weight and shape (which in most cases is very thin) even if using unhealthy eating habits.
Effects of anorexia nervosa
- Amenorrhea-this is the missing of periods. Due to very restrictive dieting, the missing of periods is likely.
- Cold sensitivity-A person with anorexia tends to feel cold more often and is also more likely to become ill often. Food especially fats are a source of energy and warmth for the body. Perhaps due to the restriction of food , anorexics may feel cold often.
- Drying of the skin.
- Thinning of hair or hair growing throughout the body.
- Constant hunger-Anorexics tend to feel hungry constantly because of not consuming anything. Those with severe anorexia are at increased risk of mortality as a result of starvation.
Treatment
It is difficult to treat anorexia because anorexic patients do not believe that there is anything wrong. As a matter of fact, some actually still perceive themselves as not thin enough yet they are already very thin. Therefore, an understanding by the patient as to the presence of the issue must first be affirmed. This implies that you must make the patient first understand that they are sick, which is not easy because they do not see it.
The main treament approaches include:
Hospital Admission-Patients with severe anorexia may be admitted to hospital while those in the initial stages of the condition (< than 6 months with insignificant weight loss) receive in-patient care. The patient’s eating habits are reviewed and he or she is offered with counsel on the change of feelings and emotions that trigger the disorder. These feelings could either be related to their self-image, their weight, family issues etc.
Medication-A prescription of medicines can be provided though alongside the counselling.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) or Family Behaviour Therapy (FBT)-Normally, it is best that the patient’s friends and family assist the patient through the treatment process for more successful outcomes. As such, they can attend the therapy sessions with patient to show that they are concerned with patient’s progress.
Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder that is characterized by the fear of adding weight. Anorexic persons are usually of low weight even below that which is recommended. It is appropriate that anorexic persons seek professional assistance early to receive help in managing the disorder.
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